Vasmers etymological dictionary(Russian) Bantu is by no manner of means representative of Niger-Congo in this regard: but then Bantu is a sub-branch of a sub-branch of Volta-Congo. Vydrin admits the evidence isnt definitive, but then rails against the extremes represented by the overly rigorous approaches of splitters and the too lax approaches of lumpers. I looked in vain for something earlier in the thread that I could connect to that comment, can you expand? This corridor is today inhabited by Nilo-Saharan speakers and was also presumably in the past. Proto-Sinaitic is one particular form (the earliest by the interpretation of an origin within Egypt) of a more broadly, if meagerly, attested consonantal script called Proto-Canaanite, found at several sites in Syria-Palestine. While Im at it, this conference handout from 2016 (in English) compares PIE accent & ablaut categories to PU second-syllable vowels, which looks pretty neat and becomes even more convincing if you side with those that reconstruct the less open one of the only two PU second-syllable vowels as [] instead of the traditional [i] or the classical []. For pescado it has sense 1: Mx, Gu, Ho, ES, Ni, Pa, Cu, PR, Co, Ve, Ec, Pe, Bo, Py. The trick to make sure the noise is random enough for this to work is to make sure you arent really including the same character twice in different wordings (or, as Ive seen happen, seven times); with morphological data, that can be quite difficult (ultimately it requires more understanding of development genetics than we currently have), and with lexical data, its a failure of peer review in the original PIE is old enough for Renfrew paper. Obviously, the bit about the spread of Semitic languages is of prime LH interest; heres a relevant snippet: In addition to the local ancestry from Epipaleolithic/Neolithic people, we found an ancestry related to ancient Iranians that is ubiquitous today in all Middle Easterners (orange component in Figure 1B; Table 1). etymolog.ruslang.ru (Russian etymology and word history links) Moreover and moreover, class systems can be borrowed. Note that Palauan chad is /a/ and Welsh chad is /ad/. Id prefer if hed also given a column to Old Nubian. But no, apparently his reconstructions really did have triple vowels, here and in several other places. ), @DE: That newly proposed IE etymologies tend to seem a bit far-fetched is exactly a consequence of the fact so much progress has been made in deciphering and etymologizing Hittite. To confuse the issue yet further, there is yet another WOV postverbal particle *n, which expresses the so-called discontinuous past.. The list itself can be based on Mande data. Indeed, Ringe et al. But I suppose thats what you meant by dissimilation. Indo-European does not begin to compete. 2000 years is not actually a long time compared with the probable time depth of NES: these languages are nowhere near as closely related to one another as the Germanic or the Romance languages, so a rigorous reconstruction of the protolanguage would take one back to a much earlier date than that. singulative I learned this word in a Breton lesson.
), If youre feeling generous: Individual-generic on one hand, and individual-collective(mass) on the other, where mass can be applied to fish that you eat (cow/bull beef), to fish in the river or a basket and to many kinds of fish. If you trust the tree, you can then discover innovations in other parts of language by mapping them on the tree. But the introgression of Levantine/North African DNA into Sudanese populations (seemingly meaning people whose genetics closely resembles people now in Nilotic speaking groups) by 5500 ya is intriguing. @PP, about necessity of morphological reconstruction see the complaint here, p. 115 bottom. As shown by the unfortunate typos, this issue is not necessarily breathtakingly groundbreaking and worthy of Nature. *hik-t- > *hik-t- > Grassmann, whence Gk. Therefore our method is good, and we need to keep using it. Ref. Linguistically, Egypt seems more parsimonious as a starting point. I suspect fish may be the sort of word that is fairly easily replaced by words originally referring to some particularly culturally important kind of fish (as has presumably happened with Tocharian B laks fish, for example.). This sort of thing is all over the place in Bantu as well. People of both Sahul and the Sahel could cover large distances by cassowary-pulled chariots, Well, Hadza is bordered by Iraqw: He says, there is a paper by Elderkin with some 20 parallels with Omotic within the Swadesh list of 100 (and also gender and 1-2 person sg. Certainly, the total available biomass of salt-water fish is much greater. If such a migration took place, then there should be scattered loaned livestock terms in Nilo-Saharan languages all the way between the Nile and Lake Chad. Our IE database includes only two WGmc languages, OE and OHG, and they are at the extremes of the WGmc group. The Perception of Indo-European in Greece. I was wondering if introduction of horses to the Plains Indian society could serve as a model for Savanna Pastoral Neolithic. Why go riskily digging your biomass from the deep ocean if it comes to the coasts by itself already? (Hausa has borrowed two; Thai has borrowed one through ten.). Having a local nest (sceintific school, like in Leiden) does not harm. And I meant hablai, not hablei. If there were any, before their barbarian hordes raided Africa and amazed with what they saw began showing their first interest in civilisation. The consonantal script of South Arabia spread northward to be adapted for use by early North Arabian languages (distinct from Arabic) and westward to the horn of Africa, where it was employed for writing the Semitic language of Ethiopic. Telugu (cpa), (matsyamu) (mnamu).
Much of it is free, too, apparently intended as a basis for discussion in a March international genetics conference that would have been held in Africa, but covid. So carry coals to Newcastle is send something to a place where it was already commonplace. Typology on the basis of just two language families seems to me to continue to be a poor idea. Its a hen. There is no evidence for the existence of these prefixes at all: theyre a mere epicycle. Proto-Oti-Volta seems to have had contrastive vowel nasalisation, though most nasal vowels in the modern languages reflect lost nasal consonants, e.g. This actually reminds me of the Welsh dig angry, for which GPC does not hazard an etymology. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-paddlefish-from-the-lower-Danube-River-of-Serbia-delivered-to-the-University-of_fig1_230691009, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-15122405. This whole talk of prove, certainty or established is a bit misleading. Trivia: The Norse in Greenland ca. Old English/Old High German r, Old Norse r).
Specifically, *VstrV is the Grimm outcome of PIE *VsrV, *VrV is the Verner outcome. And Bayesian inference is actually less susceptible to long-branch attraction the expected effect of the loss of data in the divergent vocabulary of the more recent stages of English than the others.
Courtesy Glenn M. Schwartz. 180 0 obj <>/Encrypt 169 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<8BC4CA9E4FF8FF3D74ED7A59E58D7DD7><44F6F7BCB40CC6429B74FA573A9E1F65>]/Index[168 28]/Info 167 0 R/Length 76/Prev 822652/Root 170 0 R/Size 196/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream There seem to be a lot of coincidences of population movement that align with Out of Natufian, that you have to wave away to believe Afroasiatic Out of Africa. Go disprove them. That name is hardly ever used. All three used the idea of a tree representing those innovations as a representation of descent by modification. Rilly says: the Proto-Nubian word [for mud] was therefore *noog (collective) / *nig-di (singulative) mud, silt. in the Swadesh-100 list. 100% of African population was influenced by/partially descended from the same Eurasian populations which brought agriculture to Europe. Romanian obraz cheek, Makedonian cheek, Serbo-Croatian cheek, honour, face*, and Bulgarian image, shape, face, character). Multitran His count may involve cherry-picking, excluding as not basic borderline words that he cant find cognates for, but that seems significant. Biology also benefits from the existence of ribosomal RNA genes, which have a number of properties that have made sequencing them an extremely powerful tool for developing trees. [Morphology is not just affixation, either, and few languages, fortunately for the sanity and moral uprightness of comparativists, lack all morphology, including all derivational morphology. I think there is some derivational morphology there for comparison in Sino-Tibetan. So far none of these (geographically) Iranian languages look anything like Semitic. : Note that the author isnt simply on a quest to prove Greenberg right. Ordinary WOV speakers are well aware that their various languages are quite similar, especially over against neighbouring non-WOV languages, but like normal non-Hatters in general tend not to wonder about the implications of this. litva 1. (And looking at that, I start thinking about the oryx. I presume that would have been a lot truer in an era when the hunting was richer. Reading Berezkins book on African folklore (in Russian) Ive got a strange vibe that Africa just isnt as old or as culturally distant as it should be. auch awwal neferayn baythallu biar bayst in the old days two men would buy [a days] fish for ten baysa; ferner in Bahrayn hl dried fsh (HOL-2), der noch REI 94 hle Suppe = (fish) soup dazu anfhrt. prost. Somehow.
Um by way of analogy would I be correct in saying that the Nilo-Saharan situation that you describe is basically as if. P.S.
Didnt Arnaud Fournet prove to the satisfaction of all that Indo-European-Hurrian originated in Syria? It is absent from the dictionary of Russian langauge of XI-XVII centuries. Thats something science funders seem completely unaware of. I always recommend it for improving ones self-esteem and to people who believe foreign langauges are difficult and wish it were used as the language of international communication exactly because of its system of tenses and irregular verbs. Development of gender is immodest by the definition of modesty! Cazn is indeed the common name for many species, but theyre all selachimorphs, and I think the term gets applied to any small, edible shark thats harmless to humans. Alon: so colloquially, you might hear pescado guppy? WebHebrew is a Semitic language. And also this, from Paul Newman, who I have to say knowns what hes talking about when it comes to comparative linguistics: As anyone who has ever attempted to establish regular correspondences knows, it is not an easy task even when one is dealing with a moderately shallow time depth (lets say 5000 years [as it is commonly estimated to be in the case of Indo-European; J.M.S.]). Actually, if agriculture reached North Africa as part of the same expansion out of Anatolia that brought agriculture to Europe, and AA reached it later in a pastoral expansion, that would explain why some of the agricultural-substrate words in western Indo-European branches also show up in Berber. I am not convinced. True; but I was imagining a field-worker coming in blind to the known history. , . . turned the aspirates into affricates, and then the postvocalic short ones into long fricatives.). For example, Mbelime h die is actually quite certainly related to Kusaal kpi, and wn rivulet to Kusaal klig river in fact the stems correspond exactly, etymologically.
Thats hilarious about Kehf and Kelif. The Hague and Paris; Mouton. And in the acquisition of the lexicon, again across languages, children move from a restricted vocabulary of nursery terms and over or underextensions of conventional items to a period of creative innovation; eventually the conventional lexicon takes over, while at the same time vocabulary growth is both constrained and elaborated by socially and culturally appropriate distinctions of register and usage, lasting into adolescence. Ive posted it here before, but cant find it right now. Kusaal has triple vowels too, though expected three-mora monophthongs are reduced to two everywere except in maaa only; this is probably an exception on account of the change from *aaa to aaa (overlong glottalised vowel) being fairly recent (it was not complete in Toende Kusaal until after the 1970s.). Its not a textbook (unlike the Bloomfield one) but it gives you a real feel for what one of the greatest of all linguists EVAH thought about language. When saying ouch I was thinking ! which is what youre supposed to say when you burn your hand. Friedrich Mller named the traditional Hamito-Semitic family in 1876 in his Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft (Outline of Linguistics), and defined it as consisting of a Semitic group plus a Hamitic group containing Egyptian, Berber, and Cushitic; he excluded the Chadic group. These times overlap with the dates for the Bronze Age origin and spread of Semitic languages in the Middle East and East Africa estimated from lexical data (Kitchen et al., 2009; Figure 2). Though the methodology of the paper itself is valueless (after all, its the same as the process that proved that Indo-European originated in Anatolia nine thousand years ago), the idea of the Semitic languages originating in Iran is not quite as counterintuitive if you imagine Semitic replacing some other Afro-Asiatic language groups intervening (geographically, and perhaps linguistically too) between the supposed Semitic homeland and Egypt. About English, my point here is that morphology can change very fast. 2005: From words to dates: water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference? In lb, however, *xdm is a nonword and, as a result, is not produced in isolation. You have no idea how perfectly that jibes with local stereotypes. The point is not the judgment to be made about correctness, only that with this level of variability, this is not a transparent, repeatable scientific process. What helped me is that silly discussion about Meinhof. If it is possible to prove that his dictionary was the first Russian text to use the word, we cant of course know his logic, but we know what text he was dealing with. a passage by Kossmann (after listing -s/-us Latin loans and -u Latin loans, speculating that these can possibly reflect different time or borrowing or different Latin case form used).
Everything is the way it is because it got that way. Even rural sites (Figure 8) show surprising complexity, for example, monumental architecture (Kashkashu III, Halawa, Raqa'i), hydraulic systems (Umbashi, like nearby Jawa in Jordan). Why isnt that true across west Africa or areas of Nilo-Saharan languages? Besides, derivational processes depend on a level of vocabulary expansion not achieved by young preschool age. was discussed in these august halls not so long ago.. Instead, vowel length worked like in Russian or Central Bavarian stressed vowels were longer than unstressed ones, more so in open than in closed syllables; so we usually find stressed vowels in open syllables spelled plene (but not always, because e.g. No-sword Anyway: textbooks claim that Mande is N-K, Wikipedia does, this paper does NOT say it.
AFAIK, for an idea of what long-range stuff looks like when you cant rely on morphology, look at Sino-Tibetan almost no morphology over there (most of the languages are isolating [EDIT: on the Sinitic side, anyway, apparently less so in the rest of it]), but its fairly well accepted that the relevant languages are in fact related, and work is actively ongoing on the reconstructions. Bei den Khawtna in Nordost-Syrien als Ungeheuer belegt (TAY-1:75). I think that I got the idea that the Semites immigrated to the Levant and Mesopotamia from the South (the Arabian peninsula, whence also to Africa) from general works on early history. was in the Central Nile region in 18,000 BCE. @drasvi 1:11, 9:11) seems to mean prepared food for eating while traveling. I guess if youre getting a university degree in Africa, you may arrive at more practical ideas of how to improve your familys financial position than to pursue a lucrative linguistics career. The Aramaic script gave rise to the writing system of Syriac (c.first century AD, and late enough to be influenced by the Greek alphabet) and, through the particular Aramaic script used by the Arab Nabateans, to the Arabic writing system (c.fourth century AD). In the domain of morphology, Miceli, Mazzucchi, Menn, and Goodglass (1983) demonstrate the importance of parametric variation. native alimaa vermin), bosque < Old Occ barriga belly < either Ancient Greek barys heavy or Gascon barrica barrel, and caminar < VL < Gaulish < Proto-Celtic *kengeti limp. He translates boar with , , .
Clothing can be masculine or feminine depending on who is wearing it as I noted, it happens with diminutives here:). Citrus Moon It is simply not necessary to distinguish them before making the dataset. The Mongols didnt practice agriculture just because it was easier to extort grain from the Chinese, but the Scythians, remembered as mounted barbarians, were also important wheat exporters. Germanic Lexicon Project I should note that G\obekli Tepe sits comfortably on the dispersal route. Theres a Wikipedia article about Joseph Wright in Gothic. For one thing, he loves to declassify langauges:)). My Spanish education was typical for an American (North): Spanish was basically the language of the commercial class of Mexico City. Combine that with the apparent prevalence of Natufian Y-haplotypes among Berbers and Somalis, and Im starting to suspect that Militarev got it right after all when he identified Afroasiatic with Natufian, least moves notwithstanding. But we have a compound for porcupine, which in modern Russian folk-etymologizes as wildimage. Thus, in acquiring the sound system, babies proceed from universal crying to uttering a range of speech sounds, followed by babbling, which is increasingly restricted to elements of the native language to a point where eventually the system will be so constrained as to impose a non-native pronunciation in other languages. It eases my conscience a bit about my dabbling with Swadesh lists in Oti-Volta, where Ive seen fit to discard inconvenient outcomes when they seem grossly at variance with better evidence for subgrouping, but snuck in lexicostatistics as a help to estimating the relative length of the various branches (as opposed to defining the branching in the first place.) The other tonight will form East and West Semitic (their most recent common ancestor). We can easily believe there may have been many other dialects and even languages from other groups early on, but that over centuries, the regime obliterated them before they ever reached print. When cognacy judgments are disputable, whether you judge two forms to be cognate is in part reflective of your mood, the weather and so on.
The teacher mentioned dual, plural, collective and singulative and said that it is technically possible to make combinations. In other words, the noun classes do not function, diachronically, like the Indo-European declensions; they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. Was it the objective of these tribes to replace the sedentary tribes or even rule them? Salmon were caught by the thousands in vast fish traps on rivers, notably the Columbia. being old relics, and the other Ethiosemitic languages being re-migrations from Arabia. Pama-Nyungan is substantially less diverse than Greenbergs Niger-Congo (though as this is itself mysterious, I suppose I may be accused of obscurum per obscurius.) People who work on morphological ( = anatomical) data are used to having to define their characters & states, and would not have made this embarrassing blunder. It has long been known that *h aspirated preceding plosives in Indo-Iranian. which is from none other than Kay Williamson and Roger Blench. Bahders Law, the devoicing of fricatives followed by sonorants, is regular in Dutch, replete with doublets in High German, and absent elsewhere; *ia > ea is, AFAIK, close to regular in High German, but sporadically occurs all the way into English; the loss of nasals followed by fricatives, with compensatory lengthening of preceding vowels, is regular in Anglo-Frisian, messy in Low German, and sporadic in Dutch, though there it occurs in words as frequent as vijf 5 IIRC, there are such phenomena in grammar as well, but I cant remember any. Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction . The Bantu languages prefer prefixes: cf. This helped me get a ground sense of how the grouping may not be as strong as some would have it, DE. Its all the better for being very tentative. Phonological innovations cant be used either, because very little in terms of regular sound correspondences has been worked out so far. Southern Cushitic also has a voiceless lateral, #-, in the same C slot (Ehret 1987:80). Most scholars, however, reject this proposal, and continue to group Beja as the sole member of a Northern branch within Cushitic. Gender systems that are familiar from Indo-European and Semitic languages based on sex of an individual are but one of a number of such classifications: masculine and feminine; masculine, feminine, and neuter; common and neuter; animate and inanimate. Separate reflexes for intervocalic *h and *h, namely vs. , seem to be consensus. (Why the problem has not been enunciated more clearly and confronted systematically is also rather difficult to understand, but need not divert us here. Without worries over some arbitrary minimum number of defining traits, it is safe to say that some areas are more securely established because they contain many shared traits, whereas other areas may be more weakly defined because their languages share fewer areal traits. But its also an interesting paper. I think it is less stable than many words in 100 word list. There is abundant evidence for the spread of languages like Mande, Songhay and Hausa over the last couple of millennia (or even later.) 2009: Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement. Its not so hard to imagine them just being dropped altogether. llygoden logodenn, collective noun logod. By the 1860s, the main constituent elements within the broader Afroasiatic family had been worked out. I think the reason bageri, boulangerie are later formations is that the early baker/fournisseur provided the oven space and/for not only bread or cakes. Unless they build that transatlantic train connection they promised in 50s science fiction, Id want to try that, I did recently have a dream about the Greenlandic railway network (mostly focused on mining, as I recall) and its applications toward transatlantic connections. ), Then you have a different set of isoglosses for the subjunctive. His argument is that morhological reconstruction simply does not work for Mande, Well, there is comparatively little morphology to reconstruct. But Ill leave it as potentially inspiring new conversation even though its an assertion I cant support. being POSSIBLY genetically related to Volta-Congo as a whole. maybe we should use somewhat different terms: of course everything in the world is possibly (and likely) related. If, in fact, Niger-Congo-like noun class systems spread to (parts of) Niger-Congo under the influence of Nilo-Saharan, there seems to be no reason why this process should have been limited to languages which were, in fact, already genetically related to one another in the first place. Local traditions say (almost certainly correctly) that the speakers are all ultimately of the same ethnic origin, and that seems to explain it all well enough for general satisfaction. The cross-linguistically robust finding, reported in Menn and Obler (1990), that morphological substitutions are generally off-target by only one feature further indicates that the systematic selection of -forms is an unlikely procedure since it would wrongly predict that in some instances a very distant form would be selected. PIE *VsrV > PGmc *VstrV, I agree with you (and Starostin) that lexicostatistics cant provide dates either in principle or in practice; I think it can help with establishing internal family relationships, but only if you take it with a large grain of salt. This was before the Day of the Trawler. (We do not speak of Chomskyans. 3, but one group of speakers migrated and did not develop the feature Of course there are other issues, e.g. Still includes Saharan, mind. Anyway, they became Russian nobility The Farefare for hedgehog is ympa, and arrow is pf, plural pma; I dont understand the loss of -g-, but the formation looks much like the Mampruli otherwise; -pa is just the arrow stem inflected in the ga/si noun class (which contains many animal names) instead of the f/i class. Go for Osteichthyes, ironically. In other words, it is a Wiktionary): Stachel-Schwein, hystrix, , . Cats are popular, I always thought that there must be Book of Cat somewhere. Theres a paper on academia.edu somewhere. grammatical evidence is the main basis for classification. Yoruba eja (where the e, though now invariant, is the relic of an old class prefix) is another that looks like it might be related. familiar thing. This is the most typical pattern, where languages within the core of an area may share many features, but the geographical extent of the individual traits may vary considerably one from another.
>So he is hypothesising a change *gd -> d(d) (he does not explain the vowel change.) Blench doesnt go round finding spurious traces of noun classes in Dogon in order to make it fit Niger-Congo better. The Dakota (Sioux) came from further east, driven partly by the Chippewa (Anishanabe), who had better access to firearms during a key period. Um by way of analogy would I be correct in saying that the Nilo-Saharan situation that you describe is basically as if the old consensus postulated a Danubo-Baltic family that included German, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish, Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian (among perhaps others), and it was disputed whether Hungarian and Estonian really belonged in this family, and you suggested that maybe Hungarian and Estonian are in fact related to each other, and someone else interpreted it as saying that Hungaro-Estonian must be a subgroup of Danubo-Baltic? What I mean by creativity is any choice affected by a speakers preferences rather that dictated by grammar. Similarly, in morphology, across languages children proceed from nonalternation between forms to immature strategies for initial markings of grammatical categories, thence to creative errors of over-regularization, until eventually the system becomes fully constrained by lexical convention. In any event, the interpretation of the lexical evidence is complicated by what I would consider clearcut though historically surprising evidence for later contact between Kanuri and Songhay; this too needs to be addressed to make the kind of argument for relationship that I would be prepared to publish.
(I may be unfair. The most geocities thing Ive seen in decades. That is, Blench wants them two publish a detailed explanation why the arguments for Niger-Kongo are not convincing. In the south of the Arabian peninsula a distinct consonantal script had appeared by at least the sixth century BC, and certainly had begun to develop several hundred years earlier. Following the Uruk Collapse, an apparent indigenous development (the pivotal Ninevite V period) climaxed in widespread urbanism (by 2600BCE), for example, the 216-acre city-state of Tell Leilan. Paul Newman (1980) groups Berber with Chadic and Egyptian with Semitic, while questioning the inclusion of Omotic in Afroasiatic. Arabic lisn).
This might be a fuss over word use. Laudator Temporis Acti By what Men call chance, he arrived during a miners strike and made a huge profit. (Not without complications of course OC *-s is a megamerger with several different cognates.). Discussion, in Hamito-Semitica. 33003050 B.C.) The timeline of Proto-Semitic migration induced by desertification is appealing, and Im sure others have thought of it too.