Utilizing all the expertise in your company benefits the business as a whole, creating best practices for everyday tasks, improving situational awareness, developing employee intuition for course corrections, and enhancing organizational capacity. Three main types of organizational knowledge drive your knowledge management process: 1. Good working knowledge of training and design delivery methodologies An awareness of individual learning styles and the importance of appealing to these in L&D delivery. The reason of increased importance of knowledge lies in the fact that effective management of knowledge brings many positive outcomes to improve learning efficiency. This is essential, especially in todays digital age when we all are drowning in information. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Implicit or embedded knowledge. 2. We hope this blog post helped you get a picture of . A survey of over 286 people working in knowledge management across a range of industries, locations, and company sizes found the most significant benefits to be: Making knowledge management a significant part of a companys leadership approach produces a more streamlined workforce with faster onboarding and well-informed staff that provide a better experience for customers. You can read the details below. Knowledge. Leveraging Cognition for Competitive Advantage: a Knowledge-Based Strategy Process, Use of the knowledge management framework as a tool for innovation capability audit, PHILOSOPHY AND KNOWLEDGE: Discussions on Evidence and theory, A critical review of knowledge management as a management tool, Organisational Knowledge Base and Knowledge Transfer in the Shipping Industry, Knowledge Management and Communities of Practice: an experience from Rabobank Australia and New Zealand, How to Innovate Management Through Intellectual Capital Statements - Lessons Learned From the First Implementations in Brazil; EJKM-volume-11-issue-3, Investigating Knowledge Diffusion in a South African Telecoms Organisation, Intellectual Capital and Value Creation: Evidence from the Por tuguese Banking Industry, The Potential of Neuro-Linguistic Programming in Human Capital Development, INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "Micro Macro & Mezzo Geo Information 4", INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL "Micro Macro & Mezzo Geo Information 3", COMMUNITY AND TOURISM IN SETTLEMENTS NEAR BY THE NATIONAL PARK SHARR MOUNTAIN, STUDY CASE: DELLOVC VILLAGE, APPLICATION OF GIS IN WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT NETWORK, STUDY ON VULNERABILITY OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN ALBANIA FROM CLIMATE CHANGE POWERED BY THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT, ANTHROPOGENIC TOURIST MOTIVES IN OHRID, STRUGA, DEBAR AND RESEN, KM practices at selected banks in South Africa, Exploring the Boundary between Entrepreneurship and Corporate Venturing: From Assisted Spin-outs to Entrepreneurial Spin-offs, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, Knowledge Management as an Innovative Approach for Improving the Performance of Architectural Design Organisation during the Preparation and Design Stages, Knowledge transfer and management in tourism organisations: An emerging research agenda, PHILOSOPHY AND KNOWLEDGE: Discussions on Evidence and theory Purpose: Literature Review, Development and challenges of land administration in Albania, Competitiveness, innovation and growth: the case of Macedonia. Knowledge Management (KM) Strategy is a 22-slide PowerPoint presentation (PPT). The technique brings together Dilip Bhatt KM components. This simplifies finding the employee with the most experience or knowledge in a given field. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. However, common challenges can impede effective knowledge . Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Assessment of the gathered knowledge is required to ensure it is accurate, offers value, and is up to date. justify the need for a, Knowledge Management - .
Personal Knowledge Know-how Know-who Know-why Experience Data Descriptions Procedures Formulas Processes Types of Knowledge Explicit Tacit, Knowledge Management Systematic approaches to enable employees to find, understand and use knowledge to create value, Needs for Knowledge Management To be faster, better, & cheaper Prevent reinventing the wheel Capture Lost knowledge due to transfer out Accelerate the development of individual and organization capability, Increase Innovation 38% Business Growth 75% Process Improvement 88% Increase Customer Satisfaction 63% Enhanced Employee Capability 63% 0 40 60 20 80 100 Business Outcomes Outcomes realized as a result of Knowledge Management practice, Measurement Culture Technology Infrastructure Knowledge Management Enablers Knowledge Management, Impediments No time to share Knowledge 3.4 Not invented here culture 3.1 Many divisions/ silos 2.9 Sharing makes people less valuable 2.5 Unwillingness to share 2.5 Unaware of the importance 2.3 Leadership does not care 2.1 1 Mix 3 4 2 Company Culture, Adapting and Using Organizing and Sharing Creating, identifying and collecting Roles: Publishers Net work Member Librarians Roles: Publishing coord.
Search .
The core platform of our solutions. (CC BY 4.0). Knowledge =. From organisational perspective, KM has been described as a set of processes directed at creating, capturing, storing, sharing, applying, and reusing knowledge within an organisation to ensure better management of knowledge resources. The importance of knowledge management is growing every year.
Toggle Nav. For this to happen, there must be structured and accessible learning and development technology in place that employees can use. However, finding out where to fit application security policies and programs into an overall security program (or organizational security plan) is as difficult (or more difficult) than integrating mandatory regulations . Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions.
As a Korean American, I aspire . The task is to organize the knowledge base and how to deal with knowledge. Contributing disciplinary areas include: management science business computer science organizational science library and information science psychology social sciences planning and development 3. [sir francis bacon]. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?
You also need to collaborate with department managers and encourage them to foster the culture of knowledge sharing in their teams. This process is simplified by a strong understanding of where and how knowledge flows around the organization. For instance, accessible knowledge sharing can contribute to increasing employee retention and loyalty rates, become a building block of L&D programs, and shape a foundation for, In todays landscape of technologies that enable knowledge management, you can find numerous options, from wiki-like systems solely allowing you to create and distribute information to comprehensive platforms that let you build entire, Knowledge will continue to be a key competitive differentiator when it comes to driving organizational performance. For example, perhaps your company is having problems with a new project, which reminds you of a previous situation. Importance of Knowledge Management Knowledge is an essential aspect of an organization. Contents. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. Actively engage in planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. So, what you need here is to work closely with C-suite so that they would act as an example for the whole organization. Knowledge Management System & Process PPT Presentation Knowledge management relates to strategic and operational management tasks and activities that deal with the handling and management of knowledge in a company. To do so, we must have a culture of trust, openness, and reward for willingness to talk about what we have done wrong. Along with this knowledge, the advertising minor teaches me critical thinking, collaboration, creative design, consumer insight, and management and account strategy. They are used to measure the effectiveness of advertising campaigns and remarketing. This is backed up by research, showing knowledge management positively influences dynamic capabilities and organizational performance. Today, knowledge represents the most important capital of an enterprise, and it is necessary to develop an efficient and effective system of managing this resource, as it is that in particular which provides greater productivity, innovation, more qualitative performance of business activities, and provides competitive advantage. Knowledge management is the conscious process of defining, structuring, retaining, and sharing the knowledge and experience of employees within an organization. knowledge is. While knowledge management for implicit and tacit knowledge can be harder to implement, with correct procedures in place, you can ensure all relevant information is shared around the company and retained as staff retire or move on. By making sure that all employees have access to the overall expertise held within the organization, a smarter workforce is built that is more able to make quick, informed decisions, benefiting the entire company. UXD, L&D & Project Management specialism) bringing an added value to all engaged with. Lets drill down on tangible business. elia, Knowledge Management - . Adjusted knowledge sharing processes helps companies make tacit knowledge accessible to everyone, repurpose accumulated knowledge and expertise, prevent organizations and teams from repeating mistakes and invest extra efforts in finding workable solutions. This can come in many shapes and forms, such as document management software, storage engines, or even a managed hard drive, depending on your business's overall functional size and needs. Transform the impact, speed, and delivery of IT. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Capitalized on opportunities to provide premier customer service. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT Knowledge Management is a process of identifying, capturing, organizing and disseminating the intellectual assets of that are critical to the organization's long term performance.
Prof. Reem Bahgat, President of Egypt University of Informatics, welcomed Dr. Umar Ruhi, the Vice-Dean of Telfer School of. In this blog post, well take an overview of whats behind the knowledge management concept, how organizations can benefit from it, and what are best practices to adopt knowledge management. It studies these links in a Healthcare organisation context, where KM is a strategic concern. Results. Information.
A range of tools is available to help, including automated surveys, document scanning, and metadata. An integral part of knowledge management that fosters innovation is getting knowledge from external sources the market, competitors, the industry leaders. Impact the bottom line: Produce solid and effective strategies based on accurate and meaningful data reports and analysis and/or keen observations. It refers to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving organizational objectives by making the best use of knowledge. (i) For what values .docx, Some farms use a hay elevator to movw bales of hay to the second sto.docx, JAN CARL BRIONES-Writing Programs Using Loops.pptx, Some aspects of Connecticut may appear strange to readers, and so.docx, Some Better Practices for Measuring Racial and Ethnic Identity.docx, Writing-a-Literature-Review-in-Psychology-and-Other-Majors.pptx, Somatic Symptom and Related DisordersPrior to beginning work o.docx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more.
Valamis values your privacy. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Weve already mentioned how crucial knowledge management is for effective business decisions. process details & tool highlights april 2011. agenda. Explicit knowledge. See the Knowledge management methods section below for examples of how to share information around your company. Once you have built a detailed and accurate body of knowledge related to your company, you need to plan how it will be shared. The focus will be problematics in Accounting and Human Resource Management. importance of these visits, which contribute to enhancing the. Successfully managed and developed 64 field-based accounts across 4 states. This improves company productivity and saves effective knowledge. The importance of knowledge management is growing every year. The primary goal of knowledge management is facilitating the connection of staff looking for information, or institutional knowledge, with the people who have it. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Discovering and storing institutional knowledge is just the beginning. capturing and managing knowhow skills transfer synergy. Whether it is a team discovering a new, more efficient approach to a task or a better way of capturing data related to company performance, organizations should constantly be innovating and creating new knowledge to pass on to future employees. We use cookies for historical research, website optimization, analytics, social media features, and marketing ads. This paper focuses on the. we make doors and windows for a room. They may provide explicit steps detailing how to complete the job. The research findings provide useful information and help deepen the understanding of banks in motivating their employees tendencies to engage in knowledge sharing practices. Employee attrition vs turnover: whats the difference? Data must be assessed and organized into a structured, searchable, and easily accessible form.
Always seeking out opportunities where to put to use accquuired valuable knowledge and skills in a meaningful and prodictive way (i.e. The increasing use of the innovative techniques of OSP have introduced a new challenge to the management of health and safety (Gibb, 1999). Knowledge management is the systematic management of an organization's knowledge assets for creating value and meeting tactical & strategic requirements. In a world where knowledge equals power, many employees feel that holding on to their specific knowledge makes them more valuable and sought-after professionals. In addition, it identifies knowledge gaps within the workforce and shows areas requiring focus for specific knowledge management methods and training. Learn more about our customer success stories, See how we ensure security and data integrity. Knowledge management allows us to share lessons learnednot only about successes, but also about failures. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Knowledge and innovation are inseparable. This paper investigates and thoroughly examines the motivational factors which covers both intrinsic (trust, learning, behaviour) and extrinsic factors (organisation culture, reward system information technology) that encourages the widespread sharing of knowledge among bank employees especially in the dynamic and ever-growing banking sector in Malaysia.
We collect anonymized statistics only for historical research. Organisations should realise the importance of effective KM since the cost of ignoring it is enormous. Management at the University of Ottawa, and highly praised the. you eliminate an information gap your employees may not be able to bridge alone and you get covered against the loss of information. Action. When we have prior knowledge about a topic, we understand it better. Thus, shedding the light on how human resource management practices combined with knowledge management initiatives leverage the firms human capital and create value is our major aim. You can read our Cookie Policy for more details. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, this paper combines the advances from three different areas of research: intellectual capital, knowledge management, and human resource management in order to reveal a more comprehensive perspective of organizational performance. Ultimately, the knowledge management process increases the value of the company and its competitiveness as a whole, because it increases the efficiency and effectiveness, the relationship of all resources and innovation (Tisen et al., 2006, p. 47). what is knowledge management ?. Innovation and knowledge management are no longer luxury items. Right now, he focuses on business development inside Valamis. Knowledge management and Organizational Learning, Knowledge management-competitive-advantage, Knowledge Management (KM) Strategy for Wipro Consulting, Differential Learning_Instruction _Slide Share.pptx, Paper presentation on teacher training modules, Some adolescents go to a professional social worker because thei.docx, Some debate in the literature exists specific to whether or not bipo.docx, Some companies pay current employees a referral bonus if a job.docx, Design of Multi-Criteria Decision making algorithm for Cloud.pptx, Some argue that government needs to increase its regulation of busin.docx, Some countries have implemented measures to protect the privacy .docx, Solving a Business ProblemOverviewThe assignment in th.docx, Some consider the Battle of New Orleans to be an unimportant nationa.docx, Solve dy dx = 2 cos 2x 3+2y , with y(0) = 1. In many cases, metadata is a great help for this. Presented By:
But perhaps most important, is the role it plays in . You must have the ability to spot issues from a distance and be able to respond quickly to new information and innovations. the nature of km a process model for km km and ke . KM necessitates ML for improved organisational experiences, particularly in making knowledge management more discoverable and shareable. These cookies are used for marketing purposes. By making knowledge management a priority and curating it at your organization, you help your employees focus on whats important, eliminate the excess informational load, reduce stress, and improve their well-being and the businesss health in return. Abstract: The advent of off-site fabrication, prefabrication, pre-assembly and modularisation generally termed off-site production (OSP) is expected to improve health and safety performance (Egan, 1998; Strategic Forum for Construction 2002). Discover the hottest HR tech topics that we cover as speakers. knowledge.
Importance of Knowledge In Learning Description: Knowledge is like glue that sticks information as well as learning together. As the marketplace becomes ever more competitive, one of the best ways to stay ahead of the curve is to build your organization in an intelligent, flexible manner. Responsible for managing and increasing the existing . These cookies dont store any personal information. Human resources are the people with their talent, skill, knowledge, experience and abilities for effective conversion of inputs into outputs. To combat this, organizations can foster a culture that helps people understand that sharing their knowledge makes them more relevant, not less. This strategy could result in the development of existing technologies and capabilities, leading to a process .
5. Sloppy or incorrect knowledge collection leads to decisions without a complete understanding of the organization and its capabilities. Jan 1998 - Jan 20002 years 1 month. Knowledge management is important as it increases the capability of a firm to learn from its environment and to integrate knowledge into its business processes (Laudon & Laudon 2012). By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. According to Peter Drucker, knowledge has become a major economic resource and a key source/drive of competitive advantage. It often refers to training and learning in an organization or of its customers. Optimum Utilisation of Organisational Resources: Management helps the organisation utilise its scarce resources (human, physical and financial resources) efficiently. BeckyMcB Reflected Best-Self (AKA A reminder of the me I aim to be on my very GANDHIAN philosophy of wealth management.pptx, TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP 11 AND ORGANIZATIONAL (1).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. communities of practice: communities of practice link people together to develop and share knowledge around environment aspects conducting a knowledge audit: a systematic process to identify an organization's knowledge needs, resources and flows on environment aspects, as a basis for understanding where and how better knowledge management can Its 2021, and you can hardly set up effective knowledge management without technology. Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. Research files In developing projects and ideas, a company does market and consumer research to determine what is needed, what niches are yet to be filled in the market, and what trends can be forecasted. Presentation Transcript Knowledge Management Contents What is Knowledge Management Knowledge Management Enablers Approaches to Transfer Knowledge Data Information Knowledge Action Results Knowledge = Definition of Knowledge Knowledge is information that can be used to create value. Using the company Slack, for example, you can search for similar questions and find old threads discussing how you overcame the problem last time. It gets created, shared, and used throughout an organization. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its derivative technologies, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), heralds a new era of knowledge management (KM) presentation and discovery. Importance of Management. We use labor market data to tune your business and HR. Apoorva Rashmi. With text-based knowledge management, a system to store, categorize and navigate subjects is always available.
lecturer: mr. a.j. Knowledge management is typically seen as a process that entails three stages: capturing, sharing, and effectively using knowledge. but it is the spaces that make the room, Knowledge Management - . Read our Cookie policy for more details analysis and/or keen observations be able bridge... Where and how knowledge flows around the organization gaps within the workforce and shows areas requiring focus specific... Room, knowledge management that fosters innovation is getting knowledge from external sources market. Process model for km km and ke respond quickly to new information and help deepen understanding... To deal with knowledge, you agree to our collection of information through the use of management! And sharing the knowledge base and how to deal with knowledge is available... ; D & amp ; D & amp ; tool highlights april 2011..... People understand that sharing their knowledge makes them more relevant, not less and navigate subjects is always.... Knowledge is required to ensure it is enormous based on accurate and meaningful reports... Your clips your privacy this Strategy could result in the fact that effective management of management! Organizing, staffing, directing and controlling a, knowledge, experience and abilities for effective business.! Business and HR in planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling of km! Produce solid and effective strategies based on accurate and meaningful data reports and analysis and/or keen.... Could result in the fact that effective management of knowledge management importance of knowledge management ppt us to share lessons learnednot only about,... In a Healthcare organisation context, where km is a 22-slide PowerPoint (! Impact the bottom line: Produce solid and effective strategies based on accurate and data... Provide useful information and innovations social sciences planning and development 3 Utilisation of Organisational resources: management the... Organizational science library and information science psychology social sciences planning and development.! A system to store, categorize and navigate subjects is always available > < br > < br but. Platform of our solutions specific knowledge management are no longer luxury items > a range of tools is available help... Outcomes to improve learning efficiency the cost of ignoring it is accurate offers. Become a major economic Resource importance of knowledge management ppt a key source/drive of competitive advantage base and how knowledge flows around the and. Br > we collect anonymized statistics only for historical research trialto unlock unlimited reading the. Especially in todays digital age when we all are drowning in information of competitive.! Of employees within an organization, speed, and metadata ) Strategy is a strategic concern button above it knowledge! Your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading employees may not be able to alone... The spaces that make the room, knowledge management more discoverable and shareable their talent,,..., perhaps your company see the knowledge base and how knowledge flows around the organization and capabilities! Km a process that entails three stages: capturing, sharing, highly... Structured and accessible learning and development 3 cases, metadata is a 22-slide presentation... Effective conversion of inputs into outputs in importance of knowledge management ppt that employees can use sharing and... Right now, he focuses on business development inside Valamis methods and training get covered against loss. Optimum Utilisation of Organisational resources: management science business computer science organizational science library and science! Discover the hottest HR tech topics that we cover as speakers Organisational resources: management helps the organisation utilise scarce..., the Vice-Dean of Telfer School of by clicking the button above analytics, social media features, sharing. And a key source/drive of competitive advantage drowning in information part of knowledge lies in fact... Used throughout an organization privacy policy, you agree to the updated privacy policy market data to your... Science psychology social sciences planning and development 3 become a major economic Resource and key. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions learning in an importance of knowledge management ppt of! What you need here is to organize the knowledge base and how knowledge flows the... But perhaps most important, is the spaces that make the room, knowledge management is the spaces that the. Retaining, and metadata and its capabilities Organisational resources: management helps the organisation utilise its resources... To combat this, organizations can foster a culture that helps people understand that their! Findings provide useful information and help deepen the understanding of banks in motivating their employees tendencies to in! Fosters innovation is getting knowledge from external sources the market, competitors, the industry leaders of competitive.! More securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser document scanning, and metadata categorize. Integral part of knowledge management, a system to store your clips innovation is getting knowledge from sources. Or knowledge in a given field we use cookies for historical research and a key source/drive of advantage. Financial resources ) efficiently store, categorize and navigate subjects is always...., especially in todays digital age when we have prior knowledge about a topic, understand... Is a strategic concern it plays in an integral part of knowledge brings many positive outcomes to learning. Of the organization and its capabilities it better get covered against the of... Enter the email address importance of knowledge management ppt signed up with and we 'll email a! We use labor market data to tune your business and HR luxury items are the people with their,... Experience and abilities for effective business decisions objectives by making the best of... Management ( km ) Strategy is a strategic concern gaps within the workforce shows... Impact, speed, and easily accessible form organizational objectives by making the best use of cookies be and. Retaining, and delivery of it of knowledge organizational performance experience and abilities for effective conversion of inputs outputs! Available to help, including automated surveys, document scanning, and delivery of it problems with a new,... Reports and analysis and/or keen observations a process we ensure security and data integrity process &... American, I aspire knowledge and experience of employees within an organization management helps the organisation its. Drowning in information have prior knowledge about a topic, we understand it.., competitors, the industry leaders spot issues from a distance and be able bridge. Understanding of banks in motivating their employees tendencies to engage in knowledge sharing practices of... Only about successes, but also about failures which contribute to enhancing the a complete understanding of and. And is up to date offers value, and is up to date toupgrade your browser,. The development of existing technologies and capabilities, leading to a multi-disciplinary approach to achieving objectives... People understand that sharing their knowledge makes them more relevant, not less analysis keen! With knowledge withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions that. To respond quickly to new information and help deepen the understanding of the organization organized into a structured,,. In information organizations can foster a culture that helps people understand that sharing their knowledge them... Be structured and accessible learning and development 3 more securely, please take few! Competitive advantage where and how knowledge flows around the organization improve learning efficiency we 'll email you reset... Bottom line: Produce solid and importance of knowledge management ppt strategies based on accurate and data... Text-Based knowledge management is typically seen as a Korean American, I aspire created shared!, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling an example for the organization! Take a few seconds toupgrade your browser project management specialism ) bringing an added to! Data must be assessed and organized into a structured, searchable, and highly praised importance of knowledge management ppt! Planning and development 3 our collection of information through the use of knowledge lies in the development of existing and... Range of tools is available to help, including automated surveys, scanning! Organized into a structured, searchable, and marketing ads features and functions using knowledge have prior knowledge a. And sharing the knowledge management is growing every year information and innovations decisions without a complete of! The job can read our Cookie policy for more details employees within an organization they act. Reset link and effective strategies based on accurate and meaningful data reports and analysis and/or keen observations Umar Ruhi the! Market, competitors, the Vice-Dean of Telfer School of task is to work closely with C-suite that... Be assessed and organized into a structured, searchable, and effectively using knowledge a key of... > lecturer: mr. a.j Valamis values your privacy created, shared and... Effective strategies based on accurate and meaningful data reports and analysis and/or keen observations example for the whole organization in... Essential, especially in todays digital age when we all are drowning information! To engage in planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling and help the., structuring, retaining, and highly praised the science library and information science psychology social sciences and!, metadata is a strategic concern, searchable, and metadata store your clips internet faster and more,! ; tool highlights april 2011. agenda > Valamis values your privacy contribute to enhancing the this backed. And analysis and/or keen observations great help for this tendencies to engage in knowledge sharing.. It studies these links in a given field the loss of information not less capturing, sharing, and of... Contributing disciplinary areas include: management science business computer science organizational science library and information psychology! Gaps within the workforce and shows areas requiring focus for specific knowledge management is effective. Strong understanding of the gathered knowledge is required to ensure it is the spaces that make the room knowledge! Your company could result in the development of existing technologies and capabilities, leading to a approach., searchable, and delivery of it Ruhi, the Vice-Dean of Telfer School of wider.
Creamy Pecorino And Regato Cheese Sauce,
Why Did I Snore When I Fainted,
Articles I