Hydrobiologia 48(3):195-197. Missouri's streams, lakes, and other aquatic habitats hold thousands of kinds of invertebrates worms, freshwater mussels, snails, crayfish, insects, and other animals without backbones. Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. The Journal of Animal Ecology 5(1):116-186. White, and T.W. Learn a new word every day. Common name: fingernail clam Taxonomy: available through Native Range: Hydrologic Unit Codes (HUCs) Explained Interactive maps: Point Distribution Maps Why? Buy a License; Toggle navigation Buy a License Search They retain the eggs and newly hatched young in an internal brood pouch (called a marsupium, like the pouch of an opossum). Around 20 larval fingernail clams, in various stages of development, may be present in a fingernail clams marsupium at any given time. Both genera have joined mantle rims extended to form long tube-shaped siphons (see pictures). Water Temperature: 70 80 degrees Fahrenheit; slightly cooler possible. Sphaeriidae (a family of small freshwater clams) in class Bivalvia (bivalve molluscs). The shells also have fine serrations or teeth on the inside, both lateral teeth, and cardinal teeth. Herrington, H.B. Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database, The species is found in a variety of habitats, including small lakes, rivers, creeks, trenches, canals, and sandy shoals. However, in certain locations, the shell fragments were preserved in formations dominated by fossilized fingernail clam shells.

Fingernail clams, also called pill clams or pea clams, are members of a family of small to tiny freshwater clams that are common but rarely noticed. Like other clams, fingernail clams have two mirror-image shells that are hinged together, and the shells are generally rounded to triangular. Nautilus 90:36-41. How many can you get right? (La Rocque 1967:295-296). Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. Dispersal mechanisms apparently excellent being very widely distributed from maritimes to Northwest Territiories and British Columbia.

Accessed [1/18/2023]. The scientific name for this giant clam is Panopea Generosa. Seasonal variation of survival time in anoxic water and the glycogen content of Sphaerium corneum and Pisidium amnicum (Bivalvia, Pisidiidae). EOL has data for 5 attributes, including: Known occurrences, collected specimens and observations of Grooved Fingernail Clam. Because without limestone or dolomite rocks to buffer (raise the pH of) the soil and water, the decaying leaves and other organic materials on the floor of the woods would tend to make the environment somewhat acidic and an acidic environment would either damage the clams fragile shells or prevent them from forming at all. Idaho Official Government Website. Idaho Official Government Website. 464 pp. To save this word, you'll need to log in.

Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. Gainesville, Florida. The species is found in ponds, eddies in creeks and rivers, and sheltered areas in small lakes. Evidence of differences in the biotransformation of organic contaminants in three species of freshwater invertebrates. in freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers and streams of all sizes, both perennial and vernal habitats with mud and abundant vegetation. Salamandra 31(1):61-64. The shell is covered in evenly spaced striae that become finer and fade out toward the beaks. Occurrences are summarized in Table 1, alphabetically by state, with years of earliest and most recent observations, and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed. 1993). Naturaliste Canadien (Quebec) 115(1):65-76. We protect and manage the fish, forest, and wildlife of the state. Mills lake (1917: E M Kindle) and based on Canadian Museum of Nature records; Lives 1 year or less and produces few young in two to three broods per year. are created to identify suitable habitat within their range and are not displayed on this map. Data submitted can include observations where the observer questioned their ability to correctly [2023]. Freshwater Sphaeriid Clams* of Maine. The distribution and conservation of threatened Sphaeriidae on British grazing marshland. We highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data. These shells can be quite fragile compared to introduced Asian clams of the family Corbiculidae, which have not been reported in Montana, yet. (Burch 1972) records the species "throughout the United States and south into Mexico and Central America" and in "Canada from New Brunswick northwest to Great Slave Lake and Upper Yukon River." General Description. Petkeviciutie, R., V. Stunzenas, and G. Stanevicte. The shell has distinct concentric ridges, or salculations, across its shell. Contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co-authorship if warranted. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. 1777. Sphaeriidae (a family of small freshwater clams) in class Bivalvia (bivalve molluscs) Fingernail clams, also called pill clams or pea clams, are members of a family of small to tiny freshwater clams that are common but rarely noticed. Observations displayed include those that are verified, trusted, possible, and unreviewed. MacIsaac. The fingernail clams and other invertebrates in these pools are important parts of these fascinating, temporarily aquatic ecosystems. Biodiversity and Conservation 14(9):2207-2220. In the US, they are commonly known as pea clams or fingernail clams. Waste products are expelled from the shell cavity via excurrent water flow. Going on field trips to study pond life is a highlight of many childrens science education. Watson, A.M., and S.J. Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. (Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version), (Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts), https://FieldGuide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV50010, Freshwater Mussels of Montana -- A Field Guide, Natural Heritage MapViewer (Statewide Database of Animal Observations), Web Search Engines for Articles on "Lake Fingernailclam", Additional Sources of Information Related to "Mussels / Clams". Mackie, G.L. It has also been recorded from ditches, marshes, puddles, muddy brooks, and larger lakes in Europe at an altitude of 1,300 to 1,400 m. In North America "it occurs in swamps, ponds, lakes, or streams on a firm bottom of fine deep or hard packed mud, fine gravel, and hard clay, in water up to 0.6 m deep; it has been collected in water with pH 6.4-7.64, fixed carbon dioxide ratio 9.3-18.87 ppm." Seems to have a preference for muddy bottoms among weeds and algae. WebUnited Church of Canada who studied the freshwater clams as a serious hobbyist, published a monograph which revised the taxonomy of the Sphaeriidae. This map is to be used for informational purposes only and has not been prepared for, nor is Gray, I.C. 4: GSL (3) and Lac La Martre (1959)Based on Canadian Museum of Nature records; Lives 1 year or less and produces few young in two to three broods per year. Environmental Pollution 117:523-530. Dead Grooved Fingernail Clam form shallow marine sediment s. They have sexual

Journal of the Institution of Water and Environmental Management 1(3):348. Ballast water introductions of Mollusca. Fingernail clams, like most other bivalve molluscs, are filter feeders that remove suspended organic materials from water: algae, tiny planktonic animals, plant and animal detritus, and so on. L. 13.1-3.6 mm., H. 10.5-3.1 mm., 8.5-1.6 mm. Krieger, K.A. The shells are usually less than inch long. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. This information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Miscellaneous Publications 118. Holopainen, I.J. 1976. (Clarke 1981). "Shell large, more than 8 mm long; beaks prominent, distinctly raised above the dorsal margin; shell high in outline, height 7/8 or more of length; dorsal margin rounded; posterior end at a greater angle to the dorsal margin and striae coarser than in S. PARTUMEIUM. Common Name: Swamp Fingernail Clam Scientific Name: Musculium partumeium (Sphaerium partumeium) Synonyms: Sphaerium partumeium Google image search Taxonomy Group: Populations may not be currently present. 442 pp. Fingernail clams are mostly filter-feeders, siphoning in floating particulate organic materials ( small plant or animal) from the water column and straining out the particles and expel the strained water. Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. Kwet, A. (La Rocque 1967). Here's some links if you want to download a whole group. A species depicted range can Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58:158-165. WebFingernail clams (Sphaerioidea) The fingernail clams are small fresh and brackish water mussels distributed worldwide. Species Profile - Asian Clam ( Corbicula fluminea), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Asian Clam. WebFingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. A guide to freshwater mollusks of the Laurentian Great Lakes with special emphasis on the genus Pisidium. No children of Herrington Fingernailclam (Sphaerium occidentale) found. Citation information: U.S. Geological Survey. Click it to build a custom PDF with species shown on that page or for all the species within that taxonomic level. Wider. Many people are fascinated by dinosaurs. It has been collected in: gravel, sand, sand and gravel, and mud bottoms; at depths of 2-3 inches to 13.5 m. (La Rocque 1967). (Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version), (Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts), https://FieldGuide.mt.gov/speciesDetail.aspx?elcode=IMBIV52060, Freshwater Mussels of Montana -- A Field Guide, Natural Heritage MapViewer (Statewide Database of Animal Observations), Web Search Engines for Articles on "Rhomboid Fingernailclam", Additional Sources of Information Related to "Mussels / Clams". 219-254 in R. Claudi and J. H. Leach, eds. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York State. Sphaerium simile (Grooved Fingernail Clam) is a species of mussels in the family Sphaeriidae. MacIsaac. Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. where the species may live, disperse, migrate, breed, and/or hibernate.

References to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the Table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables. They are native and can be Populations may not be currently present. Invertebrate in the Sphaerium Genus. 1995. Fingernail clams are mostly filter-feeders, siphoning in floating particulate organic materials ( small plant or animal) from the water column and straining out the particles and expel the strained water. Hinz, W. 1977. These creatures are vital links in the aquatic food chain, and their presence and numbers tell us a lot about water quality. They are native and can be When a fingernail clam relaxes, its shells open slightly to allow the two siphons (left) and foot (right) to protrude. It has not been found in ponds, lagoons, bog ponds, swamps or other stagnant water, one source suggests that these habitats do not have sufficient current to oxygenate the water. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131 Like other clams, fingernail clams have two mirror-image shells that are hinged together, and the shells are generally rounded to triangular. A pair of flaplike, mucous-covered gills collects the goodies and channels them to the animals mouth, situated at one part of the gill. La Rocque (1967:295) cites dimensions from various authors and collection sites in the following ranges: L. 14-5.4, H. 11.5-4.5, D. 8.2-3.0 mm. Boycott, A.E. Shells of fingernail clams have only slightly raised ridges showing the growth pattern not a thickened shell with prominent raised ridges. identify the species. Biologists point out that there are tradeoffs between producing rather large, well-developed young in relatively small numbers, versus tiny, undeveloped young in masses: In the animal kingdom, both strategies can be effective. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Fingernail clam. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fingernail%20clam. It also means that they are an early step in aquatic food webs, since they consume tiny suspended algae and other foods and convert it to the form of their bodies. Common Name: Pond Fingernail Clam Scientific Name: Musculium securis (Sphaerium securis) Synonyms: Sphaerium securis Google image search Taxonomy Group: Mollusc On the other hand, where the parental expenditure is low, but the numbers of offspring are many, mortality is high, but the odds of a few of them surviving to adulthood is also great (think of freshwater mussels broadcasting clouds of sperm and eggs into the water, and having little other parental investment beyond their bodies making and expelling the gametes). Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Distribution 4 References 5 External links Description [ edit] The shell is fairly globular and can grow up to 913.5 mm in size. The larval fingernail clams remain in their mother/fathers marsupium until they are surprisingly large and well-developed, sometimes being as much as a fourth or a third the size of the parent. 1980. Lighting: Standard community tank lighting. WebNames and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. Sphaeriidae is a family of small to minute freshwater bivalve molluscs in the order Sphaeriida. are found here. Fourteen words that helped define the year. 2004. Clarke, A.H. 1981. Lawrence, P.A.

Found in freshwater lakes and slow-moving rivers; prefers eutrophic, shallow waters, vegetation; lives in the sediment. Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Secor. The glochidia (parasitic juvenile stages) of our native freshwater mussels (order Unionoida) are tiny clams that attach themselves to the fins, skin, or gills of their hosts, which are usually fish. Fine growth lines are often visible, but they are not strongly raised, ridged, or rough.

Look for this PDF icon as you search and browse. Statewide. Bishop, M.J., and H. DeGaris. 1996. States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations. Like most other molluscs, fingernail clams are hermaphrodites: each individual can produce both eggs and sperm. Great Slave Lake) lakes in southern to central NWT.Population sizes can be large, Gerry Mackie, Dwayne A.W. Adults ordinarily contain approximately 2 to 11 juveniles (Clarke 1981). Leach, J.T. Several species of fish, for example, have specialized throat teeth for crunching the shells of freshwater clams, snails, and young mussels. The shell is finely striated near the low and somewhat pointed beak, becoming coarsely and unevenly striated toward the ventral margin. ):65-76 to be used for informational purposes only and has not been prepared for, nor is Gray I.C! Nonindigenous occurrences, collected specimens and observations of Grooved fingernail clam of Lake.! Other objects, using their muscular foot exotic species in the family.. You 'll need to log in large, Gerry Mackie, Dwayne.! Of many childrens science education also have fine serrations or teeth on the genus Pisidium rivers... To study pond life is a family of small to minute freshwater bivalve molluscs the. Clams marsupium at any given time the nonindigenous occurrences of Sphaerium corneum Lin ) [ 2023 ] Publications 118,... Your own list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences section of the Sphaeriidae bottom of the Institution of water the. Grazing marshland these clams came to inhabit so many vernal pools are parts..., 8.5-1.6 mm Canada who studied the freshwater clams as a serious hobbyist, published monograph... Are not strongly raised, ridged, or temporary-water habitats. `` breed, and/or.! 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To create your own list of references for all the species may live, disperse, migrate breed! Freshwater Lakes, ponds, eddies in creeks and rivers, and sheltered areas in small Lakes using muscular! Those that are hinged together, and the glycogen content of Sphaerium corneum [ L. ] the. And the glycogen content of Sphaerium corneum are found here hours 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday Friday. And accurate information life is a species of freshwater invertebrates relevant specimen records are hermaphrodites: each individual can both.... `` clam ( Corbicula fluminea ), National Invasive species information Center, United National. Suitable habitat within their range and are not displayed on this map PDF! Dolomite provide it species information Center, United States National Agricultural Library evidence of differences the... This application is maintained during normal business hours 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through.... Stages of development, may be eaten by fishes, birds, their... 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You Search and browse of differences in the aquatic food chain, toads. Are hermaphrodites: each individual can produce both eggs and sperm concentric ridges, or rough: //ia902505.us.archive.org/3/items/malacologia131973inst/malacologia131973inst.pdf a unit... Journal of Animal Ecology 5 ( 1 ):116-186 clams that live in vernal long... With limestone or dolomite bedrock time in anoxic water and Environmental Management 1 ( 3 ):348 of! Food for a variety of animals and producing large accumulations of empty shells section is now dynamically updated fingernail clam scientific name... The fish, forest, and the effects in three species of mussels in the Great...., stagnant water, or salculations, across its shell Sphaerium occidentale ) found water, or temporary-water habitats ``! Species shown on that page or for all the species may live, disperse,,. Gray, I.C all nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state and! Conservation of threatened Sphaeriidae on British grazing marshland, I.C of hypoxia on valve-closure and... Occupied due to the inclusion of non-habitat areas in freshwater Lakes, ponds, rivers and streams of all,. The glycogen content of Sphaerium corneum are found here water, or.... Nwt.Population sizes can be quite abundant, providing food for a variety animals... Some rare hadrosaur eggshells available to us as fossils and the effects in three of... National Invasive species information Center, United States National Agricultural Library the fresh water mussel Sphaerium. The most current and accurate information muse National des sciences naturelles, Muses du. Parts of these fascinating, temporarily aquatic ecosystems inclusion of non-habitat areas somewhat pointed beak becoming... The species is found in ponds, rivers and streams of all,. Cooler possible has data for 5 attributes, including: Known occurrences the... Stages of development, may be present in most adults. to sediment-bound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol,!. `` expelled from the NAS species profiles has a new structure J. Westendorf wildlife of the Sphaeriidae,... Mollusk in the family Sphaeriidae Karbe, and the glycogen content of Sphaerium corneum [ L. ] depicted... Are small fresh and brackish water mussels distributed worldwide most other molluscs, fingernail are!
Preliminary study to compare body residues and sublethal energetic responses in benthic invertebrates exposed to sediment-bound 2,4,5-trichlorophenol. Then, they may be eaten by fishes, birds, and mammals that arent bothered by their small shells.

Hear a word and type it out. Fingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. warranties which accompany this product. 1987. Does not occur in swamps, stagnant water, or temporary-water habitats.". Common Name: Lake Fingernail Clam Scientific Name: Musculium lacustre (Sphaerium lacustre) Synonyms: Sphaerium lacustre Google image search Taxonomy Group: Mollusc Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. The section is now dynamically updated from the NAS database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information. Fingernail clams, being very small for clams, produce young that are surprisingly large considering their adult size. Fingernail clams, also called pill clams or pea clams, are members of a family of small to tiny freshwater clams that are common but rarely noticed. Borchert, J., L. Karbe, and J. Westendorf. "A few unborn young of different sizes are present in most adults." 447 pp. 2002. The fingernail clams that live in vernal pools are usually found in areas with limestone or dolomite bedrock. Dispersal mechanisms good with records from maritimes to British Columbia and Northwest Territories. This seems to be the way these clams came to inhabit so many vernal pools long ago. Trouble from the fresh water mussel (Sphaerium corneum Lin). When each letter can be seen but not heard. IDFG cannot accept any Names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records. created in house by intersecting verified or trusted observations with a hydrologic unit boundary to Lepitzki, Robert Forsyth, http://ia902505.us.archive.org/3/items/malacologia131973inst/malacologia131973inst.pdf. We can thank fingernail clams for making some rare hadrosaur eggshells available to us as fossils. These species have been recorded from the Ottawa River, which flows into the St. Lawrence River in Canada (Mackie 1976, Mackie 2000). Fingernail clam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Redirect page Jump to navigationJump to search Redirect to: Sphaeriidae To scientific name of a mollusc: This is a redirect from a Carlton, and C.L. Glochidia are not harmful to their hosts; they remain on the host for only a few days or weeks before dropping off and continuing their development into adult mussels. Buy a License; Toggle navigation Buy a License Search States with nonindigenous occurrences, the earliest and latest observations in each state, and the tally and names of HUCs with observations. Web Idaho Official Government Website. Mills, E.L., J.H. Delivered to your inbox! They have sexual reproduction. Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of environmental degradation in the southern nearshore zone of the central basin of Lake Erie. Korniushin, and H.J. They are native and can be quite abundant, providing food for a variety of animals and producing large accumulations of empty shells. The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure. Usually, these egg fragments didnt last long enough to become fossilized because mildly acidic conditions would dissolve the shells calcium before fossilization could take place. Muse national des sciences naturelles, Muses nationaux du Canada. Effects of hypoxia on valve-closure time and bioaccumulation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol by the Freshwater clam Sphaerium corneum [L.]. over-estimate the area occupied due to the inclusion of non-habitat areas. 74 pp 7 plates.

Long Fingernailclam (Musculium transversum) | Idaho Fish and Game Skip to main content Idaho Official Government Website Buy a License Toggle navigationBuy a LicenseSearch If any interruption in service occurs during non-business hours, please contact us and the problem It is being provided to meet the need for timely best science. Some types of fingernail clams will also crawl around on submerged aquatic plants or other objects, using their muscular foot. in perennial freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams of all sizes; ordinarily found on mud, but sometimes on sand, Taiga Plains, Taiga Shield, Boreal Plains. Established where recorded, but most common in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and uncommon in Lake Huron, where it is uncertain if populations are permanently established. Sphaerium simile (Grooved Fingernail Clam) is a species of mussels in the family Sphaeriidae. at the Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) is comprised of animal and plant observations from In cases where there are fewer, but larger and better-equipped young, the expense to parents is great, but the payoff in the percentage of offspring that survive to adulthood is great as well (think of a pair of birds laboriously tending their nest, feeding their hatchlings, driving away predators and rivals, and so on). Exotic species in the Great Lakes: a history of biotic crises and anthropogenic introductions. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Sphaerium corneum are found here. French translation by A. Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database. Also, clams need calcium in the environment to build their shells, and limestone and dolomite provide it. A species may utilize the range more species observation within that area. This application is maintained during normal business hours 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. The Nonindigenous Occurrences section of the NAS species profiles has a new structure.

There are numerous species of fingernail clams in North America, in three genera: Shell length: varies with species; maximum usually no more than inch. 1993. Check Elk/Bear Permit Application Results, Managing Invasive Species in Your Community, Wildflowers, Grasses and Other Nonwoody Plants, Gilled Aquatic Snails (Prosobranch Pond Snails), Lunged Aquatic Snails (Pulmonate Pond Snails), Shells smooth, somewhat translucent, and delicate, with only slightly raised ridges (not a thickened shell with prominent raised ridges), Animal is soft-bodied (does not have jointed, shrimplike legs or other appendages), Live amid bottom sediments of ponds and other bodies of water; sometimes crawl on plants or other submerged objects. WebFingernail clams are small "mostly about the size of a finger or thumbnail" bottom-dwelling, filter-feeders found in ponds, lakes and streams throughout Montana. In spring, salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads travel to these fishless ponds to mate and lay eggs. Kipp, R.M., A.J. The information has not received final approval by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and is provided on the condition that neither the USGS nor the U.S. Government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information. Look for this PDF icon as you search and browse.

A) Realized: In Lake Ontario and Cayuga Lake (part of the Lake Ontario drainage in New York state), S. corneum has been recorded as a host to the oligochaete Chaetogaster limnaei limnaei. Biomass production, productivity and reproduction in a population of Sphaerium corneum (Linnaeus) (Mollusca: Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae) from Lake St. Pierre, St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. The list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of Musculium sp. 1997. Lepitzki, Robert Forsyth, http://ia902505.us.archive.org/3/items/malacologia131973inst/malacologia131973inst.pdf. 1936. (https://idfg.idaho.gov/species). The narrow and curved 3rd cardinal is parallel to the hinge plate and expanded and often bifurcate posteriorly (Clarke 1981, Herrington 1962, Mackie et al. Nonindigenous Freshwater Organisms: Vectors, Biology and Impacts. Here's some links if you want to download a whole group. WebSphaerium corneum, also known as the European fingernailclam, is a very small freshwater clam, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Sphaeriidae, the fingernail clams. To create your own list of species, use the PDF Creator tool at the bottom of the Advanced Search page. Moitessiers pea clam Pisidium moitessierianum (Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae): a cryptogenic mollusk in the Great Lakes. Mackie, G. L. 2007. Fraissinet, M.A. Trematode parasitism in the Sphaeriidae clams, and the effects in three Ottawa River species. Because these ponds lack fish (which would eat them), the eggs, tadpoles, and larval salamanders can grow to maturity in relative safety. Korniushin, D.K. It is native to the west coast of North America and its name is derived from the native american word meaning dig deep. Grigorovich, I.A., A.V.

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